Ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweiindawo ezenziweyoeTshayina inembali phantse 60 iminyaka.Kule minyaka ingama-60, ukuphuhliswa kwamalungu asele enziwe ngaphambili kunokuchazwa njengokubetha i-snag enye emva kwenye.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iChina ibikwixesha lokuvuka koqoqosho kunye nesiCwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yokuqala yoqoqosho lwesizwe.Phantsi kwempembelelo yolwakhiwo lwemizi-mveliso eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, ishishini lokwakha laseTshayina laqalisa ukuthatha indlela yophuhliso olulungiselelwe ngaphambili.Eyonaiindawo ezenziweyongeli xesha libandakanya iintsika, iipali zekhrane, iipali zophahla, iipaneli zophahla, iifreyimu ze-skylight, njl.njl. Ngaphandle kweephaneli zophahla, ezinye iiplanga zekhreyini ezincinci kunye neetrasi zophahla ezincinci, ubukhulu becala ziyi-site precasting.Nokuba zenziwe zangaphambili kwimizi-mveliso, zihlala zenziwa ngaphambili kwiiyadi zokwenziwa kwangaphambili zexeshana ezisekwe kwisiza.Ukwakhiwa kwangaphambili kuseyinxalenye yamashishini okwakha.
1. Inyathelo lokuqala
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iChina ibikwixesha lokuvuka koqoqosho kunye nesiCwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yokuqala yoqoqosho lwesizwe.Phantsi kwempembelelo yolwakhiwo lwemizi-mveliso eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, ishishini lokwakha laseTshayina laqalisa ukuthatha indlela yophuhliso olulungiselelwe ngaphambili.Amacandelo aphambili asele enziwe ngaphambili kweli xesha abandakanya iikholomu, iiplanga ze-crane, iiplanga zephahla, iipaneli zephahla, iifreyimu ze-skylight, njl. Ngaphandle kweepaneli zophahla, ezinye iiplanga ze-crane ezincinci kunye ne-small-span roof trusses, ubukhulu becala i-site precasting .Nokuba zenziwe zangaphambili kwimizi-mveliso, zihlala zenziwa ngaphambili kwiiyadi zokwenziwa kwangaphambili zexeshana ezisekwe kwisiza.Ukwenziwa kwangaphambiliiseyinxalenye yamashishini okwakha.
2. Inyathelo lesibini
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 kunye nasekuqaleni koo-1970, ngophuhliso lwamacandelo amancinci naphakathi, inani elikhulu leefektri ezisele zenziwe zavela ezidolophini nasezilalini.I-sleb engumgongxo, ipleyiti ecaba, i-purlin kunye nepleyiti yethayile ejingayo kwizakhiwo zasekuhlaleni;Iipaneli zophahla, iipleyiti ezimilise ngo-F, iipleyiti ezisetyenziswa kwizakhiwo zemizi-mveliso kunye neepleyiti ezigoqiweyo ezinokwakheka kuka-V kunye neepleyiti zesali ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso nakwizakhiwo zoluntu ziye zaba zezona mveliso ziphambili zale mizi mveliso yamacandelo, kwaye ishishini lamalungu asele liqalisiwe sele liqalisile ukumila.
3.Inyathelo lesithathu
Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1970, ngentelekelelo eyomeleleyo yamasebe karhulumente, inani elikhulu leefektri zamatye amakhulu ekhonkrithi kunye neefektri zefreyim yesilayidi sokukhanya zakhiwa, nto leyo eyathi yaqalisa ukukhula kophuhliso lweshishini lezahlulo ezenziweyo.Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980, amashumi amawaka ezityalo ezenziwe kwangaphambili zobukhulu obahlukeneyo zazisekiwe kwiindawo zasezidolophini nasezilalini, kwaye uphuhliso lwecandelo loshishino lwaseTshayina lwafikelela kwincopho.Ngeli nqanaba, iintlobo eziphambili zeengxenye ezisele zenziwe zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.Amacandelo esakhiwo soluntu: i-sleb yodonga lwangaphandle, i-sleb yesakhiwo esine-prestressed, i-orifice plate ye-circular prestressed, i-balcony ye-concrete ye-precast, njl. (njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1);
Amacandelo okwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso: i-crane beam, ikholomu eyenziwe ngaphambili, i-truss yophahla olugxininisiweyo, i-roof slab, i-roof beam, njl. (njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2);
Ukusuka kwimbono yobugcisa, ukuveliswa kweendawo ezenziwe ngaphambili e-China kuye kwafumana inkqubo yophuhliso ukusuka kwi-low ukuya phezulu, ukusuka kwi-manual ukuya kwi-mechanical mixing, i-mechanical forming, kwaye emva koko ukuya kwimveliso yomgca wendibano kunye neqondo eliphezulu lomatshini kwi-factory. .
4. Inyathelo Lesibini
Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1990, amashishini amacandelo aye angenangeniso, uninzi lweefektri ezinkulu neziphakathi ezixekweni ziye zafikelela kwinqanaba lokungagcineki, kwaye amacandelo amancinane kwizakhiwo zoluntu aye anikezela indawo ekuvelisweni kwemizi-mveliso emincinci ezilalini nasezidolophini. .Kwangaxeshanye, ii-slabs ezingaphantsi komngxuma eziveliswe ngamashishini athile aselokishini akhukulise urhwebo lolwakhiwo, nto leyo echaphazela ngakumbi umfanekiso weshishini lezahlulo ezenziweyo.Ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1999, ezinye izixeko ziye zayalela ngokulandelelana ukuba kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ekrolwe ngaphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezifakwe kwi-cast-in-situ, nto leyo eye yachaphazela kakhulu ishishini lamalungu asele enziwe ngaphambili, elithe lafikelela kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lobomi kunye nelokuba lifikelele kwinqanaba elinzima. ukufa.
Ngenkulungwane ye-21, abantu baqala ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo yesakhiwo se-cast-in-situ ayisahambelani ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zophuhliso lwamaxesha.Kwimakethi yolwakhiwo ekhulayo e-China, izinto ezingalunganga zenkqubo yesakhiwo se-cast-in-situ zithande ukucaca.Phezu kwezi ngxaki, kudityaniswe namava ayimpumelelo okwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso yezindlu zangaphandle, ishishini lokwakha laseTshayina liphinde laqalisa “imizi-mveliso yokwakha” kunye “nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yezindlu”, yaye uphuhliso lweendawo ezisele zilungisiwe lungene kwixesha elitsha .
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, phantsi kwesikhokelo semigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yamasebe karhulumente, imeko yophuhliso loshishino lokwakha ilungile.Oku kwenza ukuba amaqela, amashishini, iinkampani, izikolo kunye namaziko ophando lwezenzululwazi akhulise umdla wabo wophando lwamacandelo asele enziwe.Emva kweminyaka yophando, baye bafumana iziphumo ezithile.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-15-2022